Hospitals (acute care, inpatient, outpatient) Adults with swallowing disorders due to neurological or structural causes Developmental disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities) Infants (feeding and early communication) Infants with feeding difficulties Older adults / geriatric population Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases Stroke (aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Active listening and observation Clinical assessment and diagnostic reasoning Cognitive-communication therapy strategies Collaboration with interdisciplinary teams (OT, PT, teachers, physicians) Counseling and family education Dysphagia (swallowing) assessment skills Evidence-based practice application Flexibility and adaptability across settings Helping children and adults overcome communication barriers Neuroscience and brain-behavior relationships Rehabilitation and recovery processes

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Developmental disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities) Individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) Language disorders (receptive and expressive language delays/disorders) Medically complex children Preschool-aged children School-aged children Social communication/pragmatic language disorders Speech sound disorders (articulation, phonology) Stuttering and fluency disorders Toddlers (early language development delays) AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) systems AAC devices and speech-generating technology Active listening and observation Assistive technology and innovation Clinical assessment and diagnostic reasoning Cognitive-communication therapy strategies Counseling and family education Cultural responsiveness and sensitivity Data collection and progress monitoring Education and special education systems Empathy and patience Evidence-based practice application IEP/IFSP development (school-based settings) Neuroscience and brain-behavior relationships Public health and accessibility Relationship-building with clients and families Speech and language evaluation tools Time management and caseload organization Private practice clinics

Adolescents Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Developmental disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities) Language disorders (receptive and expressive language delays/disorders) Medically complex children Preschool-aged children School-aged children Social communication/pragmatic language disorders Speech sound disorders (articulation, phonology) AAC devices and speech-generating technology Active listening and observation Assistive technology and innovation Cultural responsiveness and sensitivity Data collection and progress monitoring Empathy and patience Fluency shaping and stuttering modification approaches Goal tracking and compliance documentation Helping children and adults overcome communication barriers Language development and communication sciences Neuroscience and brain-behavior relationships Patient advocacy Relationship-building with clients and families Speech and language evaluation tools Early intervention programs (birth–3 years) Home health care Private practice clinics Telepractice (remote/virtual services)

Middle schools Adolescents Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Developmental disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities) Individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) Language disorders (receptive and expressive language delays/disorders) School-aged children Social communication/pragmatic language disorders Speech sound disorders (articulation, phonology) Stuttering and fluency disorders AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) systems AAC devices and speech-generating technology Active listening and observation Assistive technology and innovation Basic office productivity tools Clinical assessment and diagnostic reasoning Collaboration with interdisciplinary teams (OT, PT, teachers, physicians) Counseling and family education Cultural responsiveness and sensitivity Data collection and progress monitoring Documentation and report writing Education and special education systems Empathy and patience Evidence-based practice application Flexibility and adaptability across settings Fluency shaping and stuttering modification approaches Goal tracking and compliance documentation Helping children and adults overcome communication barriers IEP/IFSP development (school-based settings) Language development and communication sciences Patient advocacy Speech and language evaluation tools Strong verbal and written communication Telepractice platforms Time management and caseload organization Treatment planning and goal development Voice and fluency intervention techniques

AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) systems AAC devices and speech-generating technology Active listening and observation Assistive technology and innovation Basic office productivity tools Cognitive-communication therapy strategies Collaboration with interdisciplinary teams (OT, PT, teachers, physicians) Counseling and family education Cultural responsiveness and sensitivity Data collection and progress monitoring Data tracking software Documentation and report writing Education and special education systems Electronic medical records (EMR) systems Empathy and patience Evidence-based practice application Flexibility and adaptability across settings Fluency shaping and stuttering modification approaches Goal tracking and compliance documentation Helping children and adults overcome communication barriers IEP/IFSP development (school-based settings) Language development and communication sciences Neuroscience and brain-behavior relationships Patient advocacy Public health and accessibility Rehabilitation and recovery processes Relationship-building with clients and families Speech and language evaluation tools Strong verbal and written communication Time management and caseload organization Treatment planning and goal development Voice and fluency intervention techniques Adolescents Adults with swallowing disorders due to neurological or structural causes Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Brain tumors and neurological conditions Cognitive-communication disorders (e.g., TBI, dementia, stroke) Deaf and hard of hearing individuals (speech/language support) Developmental disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome, intellectual disabilities) Head and neck cancer patients (speech and swallowing impacts) Individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) Infants (feeding and early communication) Infants with feeding difficulties Language disorders (receptive and expressive language delays/disorders) Medically complex children Older adults / geriatric population Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases Post-surgical patients affecting swallowing function Preschool-aged children Respiratory conditions affecting speech/swallowing School-aged children Social communication/pragmatic language disorders Speech sound disorders (articulation, phonology) Stroke (aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia) Stuttering and fluency disorders Toddlers (early language development delays) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Voice disorders (e.g., vocal strain, neurological voice changes) Working-age adults Young adults

Middle schools Special education programs Adolescents Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Deaf and hard of hearing individuals (speech/language support) Language disorders (receptive and expressive language delays/disorders) School-aged children Social communication/pragmatic language disorders Speech sound disorders (articulation, phonology) Stuttering and fluency disorders Active listening and observation Clinical assessment and diagnostic reasoning Collaboration with interdisciplinary teams (OT, PT, teachers, physicians) Counseling and family education Cultural responsiveness and sensitivity Documentation and report writing Education and special education systems Empathy and patience Evidence-based practice application Flexibility and adaptability across settings Helping children and adults overcome communication barriers Language development and communication sciences Relationship-building with clients and families Speech and language evaluation tools Strong verbal and written communication Treatment planning and goal development